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Hardware Implementation of Substation Control and Automation

October 27, 2015, 10:04 pm
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Substation control system // To form a substation control system, the various elements described above must be assembled into some form of topology. Three major hardware topologies can be identified as being commonly used, as follows: HMI based Topology RTU based Topology Decentralised Topology HMI based Topology This takes the form of Figure 1. The software to implement the […]
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Basics Of Primary Medium Voltage Switchgear

December 13, 2015, 9:09 pm
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Primary medium voltage switchgear Primary medium voltage switchgear represents an important part within the primary distribution substation functionality. The switchgear works as a connection node between the outgoing distribution feeders and the in-feeding power transformers. The most common construction with the switchgear is an indoor-mounted metal-enclosed one. The rated voltage, current and short circuit withstand […]
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The good ventilation of switchgear and transformer rooms

December 17, 2015, 9:11 pm
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Design criteria for room ventilation // In order to design a good ventilation of switchgear and transformer rooms, the air in the room must meet various requirements. The most important is not to exceed the permissible maximum temperature. Limit values for humidity and air quality, e.g. dust content, may also be set. Switchboards and gas-insulated switchgear […]
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5 good circuit schemes to avoid HV substation outage

January 1, 2016, 3:41 pm
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Circuit schemes High voltage substations are points in the power system where power can be pooled from generating sources, distributed and transformed, and delivered to the load points. Substations are interconnected with each other, so that the power system becomes a meshed network. This increases reliability of the power supply system by providing alternate paths for […]
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Electrical Distribution Architecture In Water Treatment Plants

January 3, 2016, 5:05 pm
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Water treatment plants For both drinking water and wastewater treatment, 4 different sizes of plants have been distinguished. The size of plants can be expressed in quantity of treated water per day, or in corresponding number of inhabitants. Four different types of (waste) water treatment plants have been distinguished, depending on destination and size: T1 – […]
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Underground substations – Out of sight, out of mind

January 8, 2016, 11:17 pm
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Underground substations // Underground substations help to bring high voltage electricity directly into the city center. The stations are environmentally friendly, almost unnoticeable, and have none of the planning problems encountered by surface-built solutions. Building new transformer substations in inner-city zones or expanding existing facilities is a challenging remit: Due to the lack of acceptance […]
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5 conditions for perfect parallel operation of single phase transformers

January 22, 2016, 10:50 pm
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Parallel operation of transformers // In perfect parallel operation of two or more transformers, current in each transformer would be directly proportional to the transformer capacity, and the arithmetic sum would equal one-half the total current. However, there are 5 conditions for operating transformers in parallel and they are: Any combination of positive and negative […]
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How to determine the best location for earth electrode

February 23, 2016, 9:05 pm
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Low-resistance earth electrode and soil A good, low-resistance earth electrode depends upon a low-resistivity soil in a spot where you can drive in your electrodes. There are two approaches to picking your location: Drive rods in various locations to such depths as may be required and test their resistances while they are being driven. Measure the […]
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Practical Considerations of LV/MV Private Substations

March 3, 2016, 9:13 pm
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Private substations Private substations can often be considered as terminal type substations, i.e. substations where the MV line ends at the point of installation of the substation itself. They belong to the user and can supply both civil users (schools, hospitals, etc.) with power and industrial users with supply from the public MV grid. These […]
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Matching transformers for parallel operation

March 15, 2016, 10:15 pm
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3 rules for parallel transformers // The following rules must be obeyed in order to successfully connect two or more transformers in parallel with each other: The turns ratios of all of the transformers must be nearly equal. The phase angle displacements of all of the transformers must be identical. The series impedances of all […]
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10 Factors To Consider When Specifying Transformers

March 27, 2016, 9:13 pm
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Guidelines to specifying transformers The following ten factors MUST be considered when specifying transformers // Kilovoltampere (kVA) Rating Voltage Ratings, Ratio, and Method of Connection (Delta or Wye) Voltage Taps Typical Impedance Values for Power Transformers Insulation Temperature Ratings Insulation Classes Sound Levels Effects of Transformer Failures Harmonic Content of Load Paralleling transformers 1. Kilovoltampere (kVA) […]
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3 Designs of DC Distribution Systems In Power Substations

April 19, 2016, 9:28 pm
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DC Distribution Systems The method of connection of the battery, battery charger, and DC distribution systems depends on the duty, the type or load, and whether the system needs to be duplicated or whether duplicate chargers are required. One typical example for a 125 V system is shown in figure 1 below. In this example, an […]
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Does Transformer Hum Make You Nervous

May 3, 2016, 9:16 pm
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Where Does the Sound Come From? Noise is caused by magnetostricition (changes in shape) of the core laminations while the transformer is energized. Transformers emit a low-frequency, tonal noise that people living in their vicinity experience as an irritating “hum” and can hear even against a noisy background. The electrical power industry produces a range […]
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Shielding and Grounding Practices for Control Cables in EHV Substations

May 19, 2016, 9:10 pm
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Shielding and Grounding Importance For several years, the increased application of solid-state devices for protective relaying and control and for. Read more
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Clearance Requirements In EHV AIS Substation You MUST Respect

May 24, 2016, 9:03 pm
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Planning EHV AIS substation Starting point for planning a substation is its single line diagram (SLD) which relates to circuit. Read more
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Influence Of Electric Field and Clearances In EHV AIS Substation

May 26, 2016, 9:04 pm
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This article is continued from: Clearance Requirements In EHV AIS Substation You MUST Respect Allowable Electric Field Bus is also governed. Read more
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Where Do We Use Arc Suppression Coil (Petersen Coil)?

June 5, 2016, 9:23 pm
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Compensation with Arc Suppression Coil The arc suppression coil (ASC), also known as Petersen coil, is used to compensate the. Read more
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Where and Why Do We Use Grounding Transformer (zig-zag, grounded wye-delta)

June 7, 2016, 9:04 pm
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Purpose of grounding transformer Grounding transformers are sometimes used on distribution systems. A grounding transformer provides a source for zero-sequence current. Grounding. Read more
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What is distribution substation and its main components?

July 21, 2016, 10:27 pm
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Distribution substation Distribution substation typically operates at 2.4 – 34.5 kV voltage levels, and deliver electric energy directly to industrial and residential. Read more
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How standby generators work and how to dimension them?

July 26, 2016, 2:46 pm
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Standby generators Standby generators (Figure 1 below) are used in order to provide consumers in the system entitled to standby. Read more
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