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6 common bus configurations in substations up to 345 kV
This technical article explains six most common bus configurations used for distribution, transmission, or switching substations at voltages up to 345 kV. Presented single line diagrams and layouts...
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Remote control systems and communication devices in secondary substations
This technical article deals with the devices that makes possible the interface with the primary process (e.g. cables and switchgear) in a secondary substations from a central point, like central......
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Practical steps in the design of a substation grounding
Grounding at power substations is extremely important. Grounding system provides the ground connection for the grounded neutral for transformers, reactors, and capacitors and also the discharge path...
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Minimizing failure impact in distribution systems by allowing faults to clear...
Distribution systems are basically insecure – failure of a major component always leads to customer interruptions. So, what can be done? Reliable distribution systems minimize this impact by allowing...
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Learn HV substation elements (graphic symbols, basics & connection schemes)
High voltage substations are pretty complex to understand since they have a way too many elements and each element is complex for itself and it depends on many system parameters... Read more The post...
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Single line diagrams of substations 66/11 kV and 11/0.4 kV (reading & analysis)
This technical article describes single line diagrams of two typical power substations 66/11 kV and 11/0.4 kV and their power flow, principles of incoming lines (incomers) and outgoing lines...
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Spot network systems for distribution of electric power in downtown areas of...
The AC secondary network system is the system that has been used for many years to distribute electric power in the high-density, downtown areas of cities, usually in the form... Read more The post...
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Internal electrical systems within nuclear power plant stations (power sources)
Electrical systems within a nuclear power plant (NPP) deserve significant design considerations. The availability of on-site as well as off-site power plays a crucial role in nuclear power plant...
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The concept of redundancy in the power circuits
Generally speaking, distribution substations should be designed with redundancy allowing a portion of feeders to remain energized if any major component fails or is taken out of service for...
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How to make calculation for a distribution substation 10/0.4 kV, 2×1600 kVA
Introduction to calculations Distribution substations with installed power of 2×1600 kVA are typical example of electrical power supply facilities which can be often seen all around the Europe and...
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The essentials of radial distribution system and its subtransmission circuits
Electric distribution system is all of that part of an electric power system between the bulk power source or sources and the consumers’ service switches. The bulk power sources are... Read more The...
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Solving the architectural and reliability puzzle of a protection and control...
This technical article discusses some of the basics of protection and control as successfully used for decades. Majority of these general requirements will have to be retained by new...
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Integration of IEC 61850 in power plant automation, control, and protection...
IEC 61850 is much more than a protocol. The general scope of the standard is designed to support the communication of all functions being performed in a substation. Its main... Read more The post...
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Example of 33/11 kV substation on-site assessment report
This technical article presents the shorten version of the report of an on-site assessment at the 33/11 kV Shatt Al Arab substation built in Iraq back in 2005. The assessment... Read more The post...
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6 alarms coming from a substation transformer you MUST take very seriously
Transformers are the most expensive piece of apparatus in a power substation and therefore must have appropriate protection equipment installed to guard against various faults. This technical article...
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Learn how to analyse and check factory wiring diagrams of a MV switchgear
As already written earlier regarding LV switchboard, wiring diagrams are used to show control and signalization principle of operation inside switchboard. Usually they are given in form of electrical...
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How not to select the wrong generator set (genset) for your application
Generator set is maybe the most expensive part you can find in a substation. Therefore, many factors must be considered when determining the proper size or electrical rating of an... Read more The...
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The most common MV/LV radial distribution systems applied in buildings
In many cases, power is supplied by the power utility to a building at the utilization voltage. In these cases, the distribution of power within the building is achieved through... Read more The post...
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Practical modifications of MV/LV radial distribution systems applied in...
Previous technical article covered simple low voltage and medium radial distribution systems. This part continue with their practical modifications: loop-primary system – radial secondary, primary...
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10 most common locations of shunt capacitors installed in a power system
It’s quite simple, using shunt capacitor banks to supply the leading currents required by the load relieves the generator from supplying that part of the inductive current. Both distribution and......
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