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Coordination analysis for a typical 13 kV distribution feeder of several lines
A typical 13 kV feeder of several lines at a distribution substation is shown in Figure 1. This is supplied from a 115 kV line through a 15/20/25 MVA transformer... Read moreThe post Coordination...
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7 essential functions of a digital substation automation system (SAS)
As you already know, every power substation consists of a group of HV devices whose individual sizes depend on substation operation voltages, which is called the primary equipment, as well... Read...
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The essentials of LV/MV/HV substation bus overcurrent and differential...
The substation bus and switchgear are the parts of the power system used to direct the flow of power to various feeders and to isolate apparatus and circuits from the... Read moreThe post The...
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4 Crucial Switching Functions Of a MV Circuit Breaker (Facts You MUST Know)
The demands made on MV power systems, irrespective of the place of use of the circuit breakers, vary widely in nature. All these functions cannot obviously be performed with the... Read moreThe post 4...
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Automatic bus transfer scheme in thermal and nuclear power stations
In order to ensure uninterrupted supply to connected loads in thermal and nuclear power stations, two types of automatic supply transfer schemes are normally used: automatic bus transfer scheme and......
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Coordinating study in protection of utility supply line, transformer and...
The installation of a dedicated substation to serve a plant actually involves an interface between the utility and the plant. Close coordination between utility and plant personnel is essential so......
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Main components of a Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) you should know about
Gas insulated substations (GIS) use circuit breakers, disconnect switches and grounding switches, and have various means of indicating their position, either opened or closed, so the same as in AIS.......
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10 unbalance detection schemes for removing failed capacitor bank from the...
The main purpose of an unbalance detection scheme is to remove a capacitor bank from the system in the event of a failure and fuse operation. This will prevent damaging... Read moreThe post 10...
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Typical utility-consumer interconnection configurations
The utility-consumer interconnection provides the path for power flow between supplier (utility) and user (consumer). The interconnection may comprise one or more circuits and is assumed to include...
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Protection scheme for remote private substation with small generator
Connections of private substations to utilities are made more complicated with the addition of private-owned generation facilities. The choice of relays and their placement must be made to ensure...
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Analysis of faults in machine and transformer windings
The analysis of faults in synchronous machine and transformer windings presents a special difficulty because the effective impedances of the affected windings under internal fault conditions are not...
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Protection scheme for the substation with a single supply from the utility
The utility supply voltage depends on both availability and consumer requirements. The consumer transformer is connected delta on the high-voltage side and grounded wye on the low-voltage side. A...
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The basic things about substations you MUST know in the middle of the night!
To explain in very simple words, I would say that substation is a bunch of electrical devices gathered and connected in one place. On top are clever electrical devices who... Read moreThe post The...
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6 not-that-easy-to-understand terms related to a power transformer you should...
There are many terms related to the power transformer operation that can be easily visualized which are especially important for students, like for example transformer construction or regular working...
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6 steps for specifying IEC 61850 & substation automation requirements
It is not easy to read the IEC 61850 documents or to comprehend how the pieces all work together. When implementing systems as complex and as new as substation automation,... Read moreThe post 6 steps...
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How not to overspecify high voltage CTs and VTs
The installations wherein CTs and VTs are mounted to measure the normal and abnormal values of current and voltage, have many variations in key system parameters, including voltage class, insulation......
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Learn to recognize T&D pylons, foundations, insulators, cables, bushings and...
Recognizing the type of transmission & distribution pylons and their equipment is kind of hard if you don’t know where to look for. There are many variations that look similar... Read moreThe post...
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Three essential features of automation in power distribution systems
One may wonder why are everybody talking more and more about automation in power distribution. Aren’t we already automated? Well, we are not. It can always be better, faster, with... Read moreThe post...
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Primary and secondary power distribution systems (layouts explained)
Primary distribution systems consist of feeders that deliver power from distribution substations to distribution transformers. A feeder usually begins with a feeder breaker at the distribution...
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Control house at HV/EHV switchyards and substations (construction, layout and...
Nowadays, the control house is one of the main parts in every modern HV switchyard and substation. Why? Simply, because substations have grown in complexity and equipment such as circuit... Read more...
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