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The essentials of power systems: Relay protection and communication systems
First, I would like to make a note that there are many essentials when we speak about power systems in general. The main relay protection functions (overcurrent, directional, differential,...
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Switching devices you are likely to spot in every medium voltage switchgear
Up to and including 52 kV voltage range is generally referred to as “medium voltage”. This technical article shed some light on a few devices you are likely to spot... Read more The post Switching...
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The essential HV/EHV substation auxiliary facilities you should know about
Nowadays, HV/EHV substations have become pretty complex from the design point of view. Besides the main electrical equipment, which must be designed and selected correctly, there are several auxiliary...
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Major components of the HVDC converter station (single line diagram explained)
This technical article examines in detail the main equipment of an HVDC converter station and discusses the layout of this equipment within the converter station. The interconnection of HVDC to... Read...
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Planning and installation of the low voltage switchgear – The devil is in the...
To be honest with you, the planning and installation of LV switchgear is a damn complicated job. But you knew that :) There are dozen of detail where you can... Read more The post Planning and...
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My worst experience in the maintenance and supervision of medium voltage...
While there are various voltage levels applicable across the globe depending upon the usability, the category of Medium Voltage remains one of the most critical voltage group comprising primary...
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Protection practice recommendations and relay schemes for transformer, bus...
Protective relays are most often applied with other protective and auxiliary relays as a system rather than individually. The following basic scheme descriptions apply to electromechanical, static,...
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Primary rated values for medium voltage switchgear often mixed by engineers
It’s not unusual to see that engineers mix terms of primary ratings. If they are not understood well, yes, it’s possible to mix some of them. But it’s essential to... Read more The post Primary rated...
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Principles and schemes of busbar and breaker protection in MV/HV/EHV networks
A busbar protection is a protection to protect busbars at short-circuits and earth-faults. In the “childhood” of electricity no separate protection was used for the busbars. Nearby line protection...
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How to shrink three-phase AC high voltage substation and optimize cost and space
Nowadays, when every cent is essential when building a substation, it is imperative to optimize each HV equipment without compromising functionality. This technical article deals with a few solutions...
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Control system equipment that supervises, protects and controls the...
The control system equipment in a substation is a vital part that supervises, protects and controls the transmission of electrical power. The increasing complexity in the substations of today,...
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Installation guidelines for MV metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear (IEC...
What does it mean ‘metal-enclosed switchgear’? Metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear are generally assembled from type-tested panels. As per IEC 62271-200 metal-enclosed switchgear installations...
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My practical experience in the electrical protection system of industrial...
A functional protection system installed, commissioned, and maintained on critical equipment like an industrial generator is of high importance. As such, every protection system must have the ability...
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Secondary LV/MV distribution substations in a nutshell (connections and types)
The general method of supplying bulk power to buildings, factories or other complexes is by means of an MV supply, usually at 10 kV, occasionally at 6.6 kV. The installation... Read more The post...
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My experience in solving problems in the cracker plant using a high-speed bus...
Incoming power supply details: Two of 6.6kV voltage lines are connected to the cracker plant from the distribution substation through reactors. Captive power plant (electricity generation facility)...
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How to make the right selection of a digital transducer for power system...
The accurate measurement of the voltage, current or other parameter of a power system is a prerequisite to any form of control, ranging from automatic closed-loop control to the recording... Read more...
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Earth fault protection in a solidly (effectively) earthed high voltage power...
The fault statistic shows that earth faults are the dominating fault type and therefore the earth fault protection is of main importance in a network. The type of earth fault... Read more The post...
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Substation and switchyard support structures for electrical equipment (you...
Substation and switchyard structures are used to support the above-grade components and electrical equipment such as cable bus, rigid bus, and strain bus conductors, switches, surge arresters,...
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How to convert old substation to a digital substation?
Typically, substations comprise power elements like power transformers, switches, busbars, etc. and control elements like protection units, metering units, RTUs, SCADA, etc. While the power elements...
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13 terms concerning relaying, measurements, and breakers used by protection...
It’s not unusual to see graduates and engineers from other disciplines experience difficulties in properly interpreting the terminology used in applying relays, analyzing their performance, and...
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