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Substation ownership demarcation between the utility and the plant...
The substation ownership demarcation between the utility and the plant is very important and should be determined carefully. Specific ownership of the substation and associated equipment may be a...
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7 design diagrams that HV substation engineer MUST understand
A substation engineer should have a good understanding of the electrical equipment and layout of HV power substation. It’s also important to understand relationship between protection and the other...
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Troubleshooting Transformer In Power Substation And Detailed Failure...
Failure of transformer in power substation is not a sudden phenomenon, for that matter each and every failure will take place only after alerting through some pre-signs. If they went... Read more
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A Good Grounding Of The Power Substation And Switching Station – What Does It...
Provision of adequate grounding in a substation and switching stations are very important for the safety of operating personnel as well a electrical devices do not rise above tolerable thresholds......
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Important Factors In The Design Of Distribution Substations
Distribution substation design must be a combination of reliability and quality of the power supply, safety, economics, maintainability, simplicity of operation, and functionality. Safety of life and...
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3 Bad Conditions That Cause False Differential Current In Power Transformer
When applying differential protection of power transformer, three bad conditions must be considered which can lead to unbalance to the currents applied to the relay (compared with the expected...
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Protection Of Industrial Power Supply Systems (Fuses, MCCBs and Overcurrent...
As industrial operations processes and plants have become more complex and extensive, the requirement for improved reliability of electrical power supplies has also increased. The potential costs of...
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HV Transmission Line Components (Towers, Conductors, Substations, ROWs and...
The towers and conductors of a transmission line are familiar elements in our landscape. However, on closer inspection, each transmission line has common components with unique characteristics,...
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What is what in outdoor HV substation? How to identify elements by shape and...
It’s not always an easy task to explain what is what in high voltage substations. Shapes of the major elements are mostly similar through substations, but there are also combinations... Read more
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Circuit configurations (single line diagrams) for HV and MV switchgear...
The starting point for planning a switchgear installation is its single line diagram. This indicates the extent of the installation, such as the number of busbars and branches, and also... Read more
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AC Auxiliary Systems In Power Substations (Design Requirements and Equipment)
Substation AC auxiliary systems are typically used to supply loads such as transformer cooling, oil pumps, and load tap changers, circuit breaker air compressors and charging motors, outdoor device...
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Reading and Understanding AC and DC Schematics In Protection And Control...
This technical article explains the AC/DC schematic representation of the protection and control systems used on power networks. This includes AC schematics and DC schematics and diagrams that...
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Understanding Substation Single Line Diagrams and IEC 61850 Process Bus...
The single line diagram (SLD) is the most basic of the set of diagrams that are used to document the electrical functionality of the substation. Its emphasis is on communicating... Read more
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Design and Installation of Medium Voltage Switchgear (Facts You MUST Know)
When specifying and planning medium voltage switchgear for a substation, functions and influencing factors must be matched and an economically efficient solution must be found among the offerings of...
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HV Substation Equipment For Engineers In a Nutshell
Substations are locations where transmission lines are tied together. They fulfill a number of functions. One of them is that they allow power from different generating stations to be fed... Read...
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Coordination problems in electrical networks that lead to nuisance CB tripping
There are a number of problems that commonly occur in industrial and commercial networks, and some of them are covered in the following paragraphs. Coordination malfunctioning is leading to nuisance......
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Reliability Or Unreliability Of Capacitor Banks, Failure Modes and Case Ruptures
Several problems contribute to the overall reliability or unreliability of capacitor banks. In a detailed analysis of Kansas City Power & Light’s automated capacitor banks, Goeckeler reported that...
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6 different types of relaying schemes to protect the EHV and UHV transmission...
A substation can employ many relaying systems to protect the equipment associated with the station. The most important of these are: transmission and distribution lines emanating from the station,...
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3 Common Transformer Phenomena That Should Worry Substation Engineers
Even with the best engineering practices, abnormal situations can arise that may produce damage to power transformer and other equipment and compromise the continuity of the delivery of quality...
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The Most Used Outdoor Switchyard Layouts You Should Know About
The arrangement of outdoor switchgear layouts and installations is mostly influenced by economic considerations, in particular adaptation to the space available and the operational requirements of...
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