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Hardware Implementation of Substation Control and Automation
Substation control system // To form a substation control system, the various elements described above must be assembled into some form of topology. Three major hardware topologies can be identified as...
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Basics Of Primary Medium Voltage Switchgear
Primary medium voltage switchgear Primary medium voltage switchgear represents an important part within the primary distribution substation functionality. The switchgear works as a connection node...
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The good ventilation of switchgear and transformer rooms
Design criteria for room ventilation // In order to design a good ventilation of switchgear and transformer rooms, the air in the room must meet various requirements. The most important is not to...
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5 good circuit schemes to avoid HV substation outage
Circuit schemes High voltage substations are points in the power system where power can be pooled from generating sources, distributed and transformed, and delivered to the load points. Substations are...
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Electrical Distribution Architecture In Water Treatment Plants
Water treatment plants For both drinking water and wastewater treatment, 4 different sizes of plants have been distinguished. The size of plants can be expressed in quantity of treated water per day,...
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Underground substations – Out of sight, out of mind
Underground substations // Underground substations help to bring high voltage electricity directly into the city center. The stations are environmentally friendly, almost unnoticeable, and have none of...
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5 conditions for perfect parallel operation of single phase transformers
Parallel operation of transformers // In perfect parallel operation of two or more transformers, current in each transformer would be directly proportional to the transformer capacity, and the...
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How to determine the best location for earth electrode
Low-resistance earth electrode and soil A good, low-resistance earth electrode depends upon a low-resistivity soil in a spot where you can drive in your electrodes. There are two approaches to picking...
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Practical Considerations of LV/MV Private Substations
Private substations Private substations can often be considered as terminal type substations, i.e. substations where the MV line ends at the point of installation of the substation itself. They belong...
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Matching transformers for parallel operation
3 rules for parallel transformers // The following rules must be obeyed in order to successfully connect two or more transformers in parallel with each other: The turns ratios of all of the...
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10 Factors To Consider When Specifying Transformers
Guidelines to specifying transformers The following ten factors MUST be considered when specifying transformers // Kilovoltampere (kVA) Rating Voltage Ratings, Ratio, and Method of Connection (Delta or...
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3 Designs of DC Distribution Systems In Power Substations
DC Distribution Systems The method of connection of the battery, battery charger, and DC distribution systems depends on the duty, the type or load, and whether the system needs to be duplicated or...
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Does Transformer Hum Make You Nervous
Where Does the Sound Come From? Noise is caused by magnetostricition (changes in shape) of the core laminations while the transformer is energized. Transformers emit a low-frequency, tonal noise that...
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Shielding and Grounding Practices for Control Cables in EHV Substations
Shielding and Grounding Importance For several years, the increased application of solid-state devices for protective relaying and control and for. Read more
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Clearance Requirements In EHV AIS Substation You MUST Respect
Planning EHV AIS substation Starting point for planning a substation is its single line diagram (SLD) which relates to circuit. Read more
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Influence Of Electric Field and Clearances In EHV AIS Substation
This article is continued from: Clearance Requirements In EHV AIS Substation You MUST Respect Allowable Electric Field Bus is also governed. Read more
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Where Do We Use Arc Suppression Coil (Petersen Coil)?
Compensation with Arc Suppression Coil The arc suppression coil (ASC), also known as Petersen coil, is used to compensate the. Read more
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Where and Why Do We Use Grounding Transformer (zig-zag, grounded wye-delta)
Purpose of grounding transformer Grounding transformers are sometimes used on distribution systems. A grounding transformer provides a source for zero-sequence current. Grounding. Read more
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What is distribution substation and its main components?
Distribution substation Distribution substation typically operates at 2.4 – 34.5 kV voltage levels, and deliver electric energy directly to industrial and residential. Read more
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How standby generators work and how to dimension them?
Standby generators Standby generators (Figure 1 below) are used in order to provide consumers in the system entitled to standby. Read more
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